Endocrine Abstracts

Graves’ orbitopathy or thyroid eye disease (TED) represents the most common extra thyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease. Smoking and radioactive iodine therapy are the most important modifiable risk factors. Thyrotropin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor crosstalk, orbital inflammatory infiltration and activation of orbital fibroblasts lead to perpetuation of orbital inflammation a...